This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo) 00:01:29 1 Name 00:03:01 2 History 00:03:10 2.1 Origins 00:05:59 2.2 Rise to power 00:06:08 2.2.1 Conflict with the Ayyubids 00:09:23 2.2.2 Factional power struggles 00:15:34 2.3 Bahri rule 00:15:43 2.3.1 Reign of Baybars 00:20:46 2.3.2 Early Qalawuni period 00:25:00 2.3.3 Third reign of an-Nasir Muhammad 00:28:12 2.3.4 End of the Bahri regime 00:32:04 2.4 Burji rule 00:32:12 2.4.1 Reign of Barquq 00:35:41 2.4.2 Crises and restoration of state power 00:37:51 2.4.3 Reign of Barsbay 00:40:13 2.5 Fall 00:42:42 3 Society 00:42:50 3.1 Language 00:45:31 3.2 Religion 00:45:39 3.2.1 Muslim community 00:49:36 3.2.2 Christian and Jewish communities 00:52:59 3.3 Bedouin relationship with the state 00:55:57 4 Government 00:57:05 4.1 Authority of the sultan 01:01:41 4.2 Role of the caliph 01:03:01 4.3 Military and administrative hierarchy 01:07:22 5 Economy 01:09:17 5.1 iIqtaʿ/i system 01:12:40 5.2 Agriculture 01:15:00 5.3 Trade and industry 01:17:58 6 List of sultans 01:18:07 7 See also Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago. Learning by listening is a great way to: - increases imagination and understanding - improves your listening skills - improves your own spoken accent - learn while on the move - reduce eye strain Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone. Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio: https://assistant.google.com/services/invoke/uid/0000001a130b3f91 Other Wikipedia audio articles at: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wikipedia+tts Upload your own Wikipedia articles through: https://github.com/nodef/wikipedia-tts Speaking Rate: 0.9059132868142936 Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." - Socrates SUMMARY ======= The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك‎, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the "Baḥrī" period and the latter the "Burjī" due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the "Turkic" and "Circassian" periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks.The Mamlūk state reached its height under Turkic rule with Arabic culture and then fell into a prolonged phase of decline under the Circassians. The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers of predominantly Cuman-Kipchaks (from Crimea), Circassian, Abkhazian, Oghuz Turks and Georgian slave origin. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be "true lords", with social status above citizens of Egypt. Though it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic Golden Age.

• published: 04 Oct 2019
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